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How To Decide Which Topics To Study For Paper 2 History Ib
Tuesday, August 25, 2020
Southwest Airlines Marketing Plan Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words
Southwest Airlines Marketing Plan Report - Essay Example The organization urges the representatives to be imaginative in their own specific manner while performing at the working environment. Objectives and Objectives The organization has the objective of guaranteeing that there is no trade off on the quality when the individuals fly in Southwest Airlines. The workers are to be prepared so that they generally approach to address the necessities of the clients at whatever point required. Security of the explorers during the flight time is likewise one of the perspectives that South-western Airlines needs to guarantee on an everyday premise. The organization is well known for its minimal effort Airline administrations. South western means to hold this system later on course of its business too. Along these lines it would need to build the recurrence of the flights and would attempt to keep up the costs at the minimal effort section with the goal that it can hold a bigger piece of the pie (Lauer 218). SWOT Analysis SWOT examination is a signi ficant showcasing investigative device that encourages an association to decide its key inner qualities, shortcomings and outside circumstances, dangers. Southwest Airlines is known as one of the main minimal effort carriers. This piece of the promoting plan will lead a SWOT investigation for southwest Airlines. Qualities Southwest Airlines is one of the main and effective minimal effort aircrafts around the world. The association actualized a few key and successful business procedures so as to accomplish possible upper hands and augment the business benefit. Promoting The association has a solid General Counsel Department in showcasing so as to audit every single advertising material so as to keep up potential objective client base. Powerful special system helped the association to make gigantic brand mindfulness among the objective clients. Item The association utilizes Boeing 737s as its items. The association consistently attempts to guarantee the nature of the item. As all the planes are Boeing 737s; the turnaround, preparing and support costs are contained. What's more, the association has no dinners, focal reservations, things taking care of and doled out seats (Gittell 137). Monetary The budgetary situation of the association is very solid with 3 billion US dollar in real money. The association creates 716 million US dollar in free income in the tear 2012. Figure 1: Free Cash Flow (Southwestonereport 33) likewise, the association returned 422 million US dollars to its partner. Innovation Integration of cutting edge and present day innovation expanded the business perform pro of the association. Moreover, use of a few present day innovative supplies in every single business activity process helped the association to lessen its business activity cost. The executives It is significant for an assistance giving association to guarantee sound work place condition so as to upgrade powerful business exhibitions. Southwest Airlines has a compelling, carefree, s olid and worker situated culture that causes the association to concentrate on a few business angles. Collaboration Effective client care helped the association gigantic client inclination. 28 years of long dependable and safe activity increment the brand devotion of the carriers. Moreover, the course frameworks of Southwest Airlines have developed altogether. Powerful ecological supportability preparing program in workers program helped the organi
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Homicide essays
Manslaughter expositions Manslaughter is characterized as the taking of a people life by another individual. There are five unique sorts of murder that have likenesses and contrasts from one another that I will clarify. There are numerous conditions in figuring out what sort of murder has happened. A portion of those conditions incorporate whether the wrongdoing was deliberate, the age of the wrongdoer, the intention of the guilty party and the feelings that the guilty party is encountering before the demonstration was submitted. As indicated by the Bureau of Justice, the crime rate multiplied from the mid 1980s to the late 1990s. During the 1980s, the manslaughter rate arrived at its most noteworthy rate at 10.2 per 100,000, and diminished to 7.9 per 100,000 out of 1985. In the late 1980s and the mid 1990s, the crime rate expanded to 9.8 per 100,000. From that point onward, the rate has perceptibly declined, down to 5.5 per 100,000 continuously 2000. Because of composing this paper I will characterize, separate and clarify the kinds of murder, how the manslaughter is submitted, and the results of submitting the crime, and give models and legal disputes including the murder. The peruser will increase significant data about these wrongdoings and their punishments that can be useful later on or in a vocation. The principal kind of crime is automatic murder. Automatic murder is the inadvertent executing of another individual, during a commission of an unlawful demonstration submitted illicitly or with net carelessness, without noxiousness or plan. Malignance is hostility, an expectation to cause injury on someone else. A case of automatic homicide would be; in the event that somebody expended enough liquor to disable their driving capacities and attempted to drive their vehicle home, hitting someone while they were crossing the road and executing that individual. Automatic homicide is a class 5 crime. Donald Tucker of Rowan County, MD was sentenced for automatic mansl... <! manslaughter expositions Manslaughter can be hindered by discipline. As per humanist Travis Hirschi, individuals control themselves from perpetrating violations like murder when they have effectively produced what he calls a social bond with customary society. Hirschi discloses the four segments to this social bond as connection, responsibility, association, and conviction. Connection would be the enthusiastic part of the bond, it is illustrative of individual connections. Responsibility would allude to assets and expected advantages that would be removed if one somehow happened to carry out a wrongdoing. Association is the time and vitality one employments of the social bond. Convictions are the ethical angle one won't submit a crime since it is accepted to not be right. On the off chance that this social bond stays solid, it abstains individuals from submitting freak acts like murder. On the off chance that this social bond is non-existent or gets powerless, an individual will be at more serious hazard for defying the norms of society. On the off chance that an individual is hindered by their conviction that it will cost them esteemed social connections then crime can be forestalled and deflected. Sentenced killers ought to be executed in light of a severe translation of the lex-talionis, tit for tat. These sentenced killers have the right to be executed anyway delivering retribution in such a strict interpretation probably won't be the best strategy. In this manner, corresponding retaliation would be more qualified for our general public. This would necessitate that the individuals who carry out the most genuine wrongdoings would be rebuffed more than the individuals who perpetrate less genuine violations. Since a people danger of turning into a homicide casualty has a great deal to do with their age, sex, race, ethnicity and class, murder can be stopped. African Americans have higher paces of homicide exploitation for all age gatherings. The main source of death for African American people between the ages of 15 24 is murder. African Americans were multiple times almost certain than whites to hav... <!
Friday, August 7, 2020
Thoughts on taking an eight-week class
Thoughts on taking an eight-week class This past week, my ART 105 class ended. Thats right, eight week classes do exist. As Ive learned from taking ART 105, (Visual Design for Non-Majors) eight-week classes have a few pros and cons. Here are my thoughts: First of all, I absolutely loved ART 105! I learned so much, and had a lot of fun doing it. I would highly recommend it to anyone interested in learning about design and becoming a more informed consumer of design. That being said, ART 105 is an intensive design class, as it packs an entire semester worth of material into eight weeks. Therefore, ART 105 is not easy or slow-paced, but it is very interesting and fun, so it was pretty easy for me to stay motivated. Another bonus is that since Ive completed the class, my schedule for the rest of the semester is more open, and Im looking forward to having more time for productivity and fun! My experiences in ART 105 cant speak for everyone, as all classes are different. I hope everyone is enjoying their classes! Sarah Class of 2018 I'm from Grand Rapids, Michigan. I'm majoring in Communication in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.
Saturday, May 23, 2020
The Merchant of Venice Film vs Script Essay - 851 Words
By tracing back the early roles of Shylock done in the Elizabethan stage, we are able to appreciate the complexity of Shakespearââ¬â¢s character, Shylock, and how he has the greatest impact than any other character. In the early Elizabethan era Shylock was portrayed as an archetypical Jew of that time. He would be played by the performer wearing a red wig and large false nose. This look created the foundations of Shylockââ¬â¢s personality during the Elizabethan era; a comic villain not to be taken seriously or sympathetically, he was the figure of a pantomime. Shylock was later played as a terrifying, cruel and malicious figure. This dominated the view on how Shylock was seen until in 1814, Edmund Kean performed the character of Shylock asâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This shows how Shylock is shrewd, by playfully suggesting the forfeiture of the bond which is actually a cunning plan to murder Antonio with the law on his side. Michael Radfordââ¬â¢s 2004 film adaption is different to how Shakespeareââ¬â¢s script portrayed Shylock, as a bloodthirsty villain. It shows the human qualities of Shylock allowing us to sympathise with him as a victim of prejudice and racism of the shameful times he lived in. Al Pacino recites ââ¬Å"Yes to smell porkâ⬠¦news on the Rialto?â⬠with a mellow tone showing little to no emotion. This could be because Shylock is used to the daily prejudice and harsh life of living in a Jew-hating nation; allowing us to evaluate his human qualities, making us sympathise with him as a victim. Also, in the original script, Shylockââ¬â¢s line ââ¬Å"Yes to smell porkâ⬠implies that it should be read with sarcasm, mocking Bassanio for asking him to dine with Christians. However, Al Pacino says this with no emotion and his voice is lost under the hubbub of the market place, meaning Bassanio probably canââ¬â¢t even hear him. This could be because Shylock has given up trying to be seen as a human and is now metaphorically invisible in the eyes of society. Throughout the play Shylock is presented in different ways: a victim who lives in a prejudice and intolerant society, a villain who deserves scorn and rejection and a tragic figure who has admiral traits worthy of respect but destroys himself by giving in to his flaws and weaknesses. ThisShow MoreRelatedMarketing Management130471 Words à |à 522 Pagesreligional people and are extremely helpful to the people from their own caste. They are famous for being one of the richest communities in the country and at the same time maintain a Spartan lifestyle. It is not uncommon to find rich diamond merchants travelling in the 2nd class compartment of the train or by bus. There used to be saying, ââ¬Å"If you see a Gujarati driving a car you should know he is a karorepati.â⬠Such simple is their life style. Gujarati businessmen have been extremely successful
Tuesday, May 12, 2020
School, Work, Friends Stress in Teens - 2026 Words
SCHOOL, WORK, FRIENDSâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. WHAT TO DO! Stress is the most common thing in a teenââ¬â¢s life. The most common stressors are School, Work, Family Environment, and even Friendships/relationships. Those are the top categories that teens stress about. Most of the stress is natural and normal, but too much stress can cause serious problems. It is said that female teens have a higher rate than boys to stress out (http://www.nbcnews.com/id/20322801#.UqJn8UPnaUk). Teens should learn how to manage stress in a productive and calming way.Excessive stress can build up making it hard to focus on things that are important. Too much stress can make it harder to fight illnesses like the cold. It also makes it hard time fighting against cancer. How a personâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Teens have to deal with their drama on top of whatever they are going through. When your friends break up with their boyfriends/girlfriends that somehow will affect other people, and their lives. They would want their friends to take their side (T.H.Hol mes pg. 5-7). Friends can affect you by peer pressure and the fact that they tell them everything. When teens tell their friends everything that happened about a certain thing, teens then are part of drama and stressful situations.People would want them to tell what happened, which is also part of drama. The story is converted or twisted to make it seem interesting. This has to deal with peer Pressure. Peer Pressure is a really big thing when it comes to social events and more importantly friends. Your friends want to take up most of your time.But that is not always convenient. It is a good idea to hang out with your friends just donââ¬â¢t do it all the time (Chisholm, Patricia). Make time to do other important things to. It also doesnââ¬â¢t help that your friends donââ¬â¢t care about the same things. Of course you like some things or teens wouldnââ¬â¢t be friends. You might think that school is important and you spend a lot of time on homework, they might only think ab out drama and partying all the time. That could be stressful because the fact that you want to go out and have fun, you have other things to do. You are probably asking how this stresses teens out; well teens worry or think about either going out with yourShow MoreRelatedThe Destruction of Stress in the Lives of Teenagers801 Words à |à 4 PagesLarge amounts of stress in a teenagerââ¬â¢s life can lead them down a destructive path. This problem occurs every day, and is a common occurrence in every teenââ¬â¢s life. There are many different causes of stress and even more ways it can affect the person. Mandy causes of stress may include: expectations from loved ones and teachers, family problems, social issues, and balancing school, extracurricular activities, and work. Some teens are very good at managing their time while others cannot handle as muchRead MoreStress in Teens: When is it too much?1059 Words à |à 5 Pagesyoung woman. She encompasses a big group of friends and gets pretty sensible grades. She appears to have herself together. No one realizes what she has to undergo to keep herself that way. She is making an attempt to balance school, work, and sports. She feels flooded perpetually because she feels she has no time. Eventually she breaks down. She stops making an attempt in class, equal her job, and gets launched the volleyball team. Giant amounts of stress on a young person will lead them down a destructiveRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy : A Growing Epidemic1733 Words à |à 7 Pagesthe incidents that happen with accidental teenage pregnancy are spontaneous acts that involved a lack of education and parental guidance. Two years ago, 19.4 percent of teen girls got pregnant in Maryland, according to The Office of Adolescent Health. According to guttmacher.org, ââ¬Å"Although 70% of girls use contraceptives, most teen pregnancies happen because of misuse or failure of birth controlâ⬠(http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/fb_contr_use.html) For example, a guy and girl are in a bedroom, andRead MoreThe Death Of A Girl1236 Words à |à 5 PagesImagine this. There is a fifteen-year-old girl walking into first block at her high school. She is trying to remember what is due today for her first class and the rest to follow. Today is a different day though; it is the one-year anniversary of her stepbrother committing suicide. Not everyone knows that today is the day, but she doesnââ¬â¢t want to talk about it. She is stressed about the homework she might not have done and her mind is in so many different places. The first bell rings so she takesRead MoreWhatà ´s Teen Anxiety?817 Words à |à 4 Pageshad an increase in teens recently. In the last 30 years, the statistics for anxiety in fifteen to sixteen year olds have doubled for both girls and boys (ââ¬Å"Increased Levels of Anxietyâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ 1). It is said, ââ¬Å"in societal moments like the one we are inâ⬠¦it often feels as if ours is the Age of Anxietyâ⬠(Henig 1). Anxiety affects teenagers profusely because the emotions of a teenager are more vulnerable than those of an adult. The brain of a teenager is not fully developed and the stress put on teenagers toRead MoreEffects Of Stress On Young Adults1667 Words à |à 7 Pagespositive stress, stress in young adults has become an overwhelming obstacle in the way many of them function; managing, utilizing, and overcoming stress will help them become more successful in life. Stress is the body s normal emotional and physical response to different stimuli and different situations that it may encounter. Any situation, either positive or negative, may start to become dangerous when it builds up to a point of being overwhelmed. It is a common experience for teens to feelRead MoreStress And Its Effect On Our Lives1494 Words à |à 6 PagesSinister Stress Everyone has stress, but not everyone realizes the impact it has on their lives. Most people donââ¬â¢t realize or understand the amount of stress they are under. What used to be considered extreme levels of stress has become normal in todayââ¬â¢s society. Most people, adults especially, donââ¬â¢t realize that teens largely experience these high levels of stress. Before talking about the stress that teens experience, though, it is best to understand what stress is and why one has it. Stress is a naturalRead MoreThe Effects Of Homework On Teens Sleep Schedules, Stress Levels, And After School Opportunities1632 Words à |à 7 Pagesstarted homework as a way of punishing his students for not doing their work. Nowadays, homework is assigned to help students receive more practice for what they learned in school that day. Despite the good intentions that homework is supposed to provide, it actually proves more harm than good. In the twenty-first century, the increase of homework negatively affects American teensââ¬â¢ sleep schedules, stress levels, and after school opportunities. Parent involvement in homework can turn into parent interferenceRead MoreTeen Stress Essay871 Words à |à 4 PagesMany people in high school, mostly teens, experience dozens of pressure in their life. To be specific, Schoolwork. Most teens want to excel in school, but want to have a social life or play some kind of sport. One thing that teens donââ¬â¢t understand is that once youââ¬â¢re out of high school, you have college, and then maybe graduate school. Our education will not be over just in High School. You have to work hard and these four years of your life, will impact everything that you do. If you mess up evenRead MoreMajor Stressors in Teens Lives1236 Words à |à 5 PagesMajor Stressors In Teensââ¬â¢ Lives What is stress actually and how do we determine who is stressed? Most of us describe stress as when everything became too much that we are overloaded and wonder if we can cope with the amount of pressure placed upon us. Stress actually is anything that poses challenge or a threat to our well-being is a stress. While most people took stress as something negative, it can also be a good thing as it gets you going in life ââ¬â when there are problems which need to be solved
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Disease in the News Critical Appraisal Free Essays
There has been a rise in the number of cases of HIV/AIDS in men who have sex with men in the US. Trends suggest that between the years 2001 to 2004, the number of HIV/AIDS cases is rising in African American and Hispanic populations compared to the White population. The survival rates after 3 years were the lowest for men belonging to the African American and the Hispanic community compared to the White community. We will write a custom essay sample on Disease in the News Critical Appraisal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since, the year 1999, there has been a rise in the number of cases of HIV/AIDS especially in men who have sex with other men. The article is a thoroughly peer-reviewed journal suggesting that the information is current, evidence-based, validated and researched carefully. The authors of the article include Hall, H. I. , Byers, R. H. , Ling, Q. , and Espinoza, L. They work for the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, which is a unit of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, US. The journal has given the details including the contact address and the email ID of the authors thus permitting clearance of queries and doubts. The authors are well versed and experienced in the field of HIV/AIDS. Hall and Byers have completed their PhD, Ling has done MS, and Espinoza has completed DDS. The authors are from various groups, and hence they would express the problems of these groups in their work. Each of the authors has played a different role in bringing out the journal. The writing, origin of the study, designing of the study, review and the interpretation has been done by Hall. Major contributions of the writings and modeling of the data has been done by Byers. Ling has performed analysis of the data and the data progression details. Espinoza has done the interpretation and discussion of the data. As this study was just about collecting data and not performing a clinical trial, it did not involve following a protocol. The article has been broken into various subtopics including abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusion and references. Credential web sites such as Pub med and the CDC have also cited the article. The article is about the diagnosis of HIV in the male homosexual population, and determining the rate at which the disease progresses. The researchers are interested on working with this topic as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has seemed effective in delaying the symptoms of the disease and the development of fatal outcomes from the disease. In the 1990ââ¬â¢s, there was a reduction in the mortality rates arising from AIDS, due to development of HAART. This therapy is able to reduce the viral load. Since the year 1999, there has been a rise in the number of cases of HIV/AIDS due to the increase in homosexual men amongst certain segments of the population. Another indicator of the trend of men having sex with other men was the rise in the number of cases of syphilis in the male homosexual population. The cases of HIV/AIDS were especially high in men below the age of 30 years. In other parts of the world, the results obtained from similar studies were different. For example, in the UK, it was found that the high incidences of HIV/AIDS were observed in men who had sex with men between the ages of 25 to 44. The incidences of HIV/AIDS increased in higher numbers in the African-American and Latin populations compared to the Whites. It was about 10 and 3 times higher. Before this study was conducted, HIV/AIDS was not detected in a high proportion of the study model. The Whites were more aware of their HIV status compared to the Hispanics and the African-American population. This suggests that the Whites are more likely to start HAART faster and develop better outcomes with the disease. The data was collected for this study by the HIV surveillance system in place. Several statistical methods such as Poisson regression was utilized to determine the HIV diagnosis rates. The study demonstrated that higher rates of HIV/AIDS were observed in homosexual men belonging to African-American and Hispanic background compared to other segments of the population. Besides, the survival rates after 3 years was also lower the same populations. HIV progressed faster in Hispanics and African population. The article talks about a specific population, namely the homosexual men. The geographical area of this study was limited to the United States. However, the results of the study were compared to other countries such as the United Kingdom. The various ethnic groups that were studied included Hispanics, African-American and Whites. The CDC performed the study. The article does make claims of the treatment. In this case, it is HAART to treat HIV/AIDS. HAART plays a major role in reducing the mortality and morbidity from HIV. The study picks up some evidence available from 1996-1999 in which HAART was utilized to reduce the transmission of HIV infection. This may be in the fact that HAART helps to reduce the viral load in infected people. The article speaks of the ongoing emphasis given to the Governments Healthy People 2010 policy, and the need to reduce the transmission of HIV infection. The article also aims to reduce the transmission of HIV/AIDS in the homosexual male population especially. There are various strategies suggested for treatment including prevention, early diagnosis, HAART therapy, etc. The article has used about 48 current and relevant journals written by authors whose credentials are also good. The user can access the abstract of the references by clicking on the link provided. References: Espinoza, L., Hall, H. I., Campsmith, M. L. et al (2005), ââ¬Å"Trends in HIV/AIDS Diagnoses ââ¬â 33 States, 2001ââ¬â2004,â⬠CDC MMWR, 54(45), 1149-1153. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5445a1.htm Hall, H. I., Byers, R. H., Ling, Q. et al (2007), ââ¬Å"Racial/Ethnic and Age Disparities in HIV Prevalence and Disease Progression Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States.â⬠AJPH, 97(6), 1060-1066. http://www.ajph.org/cgi/content/full/97/6/1060 How to cite Disease in the News Critical Appraisal, Papers
Friday, May 1, 2020
Anaemia in Patients Receiving Chemotherapy-Free-Samples for Students
Question: Discuss about the Anaemia in Patients Receiving Chemotherapy. Answer: Introduction Cancer patients are often at risk of developing anaemia in the course of the disease, treatment and particularly during chemotherapy. A majority of those who undergo chemotherapy develop anaemia in the course of their treatment(Kitano, et al., 2007). The prevalence of the condition has reported variedly, with records of 30% to 83% (Barrett-Lee, Ludwig, Birgegard, Bokemeyer, Kosmidis, 2006).Anaemia is defined as a haemoglobin level of less 12.0 g/dL. Anaemia often exacerbates symptoms such as weakness, dyspnoea, and fatigue and as a result causing a further decline in the quality of life, and as a result, affect the prognosis in the patients. Normal Physiology Bone marrow stem cells have the ability to self-renew and also have the capacity to supply normal haemoglobin levels through an individuals life. Erythropoiesis is a complex process that maintains the number of erythrocytes circulating in an individuals physiological conditions. Erythrocytes are obtained from committed stem cells that undergo differentiation and multiplication through the various erythroblastic stages (Dicato, 2003). Human cells exhibit an inverse relationship between the events of proliferation potential and differentiation. Both differentiation and proliferation are regulated by cytokines, and erythropoietin is of great significance once the erythroid pathway is initiated. Erythropoietin binds to specific receptors n erythrocyte progenitors and produces a signal that initiates proliferation and differentiation and also an antiapoptotic effect. An alternative antiapoptotic pathway is the production of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (N F KB) which occurs as a response to inflammatory events in the body. Digicaylioglu and Lipton (2001), linked NF KB production with a possibility of cross-association with erythropoietin antiapoptosis mechanism in the central nervous system. In summary, erythropoietin as the primary growth factor interacts with specific receptors on erythroid progenitor cells and contributes to mitogenesis in the marrow (Rim, 2012). Agents used for chemotherapy interfere with erythropoiesis, and as a result, increases the incidence of anaemia among cancer patients. Anaemia in Cancer In anaemic cancer just like in anaemia of chronic conditions, several mechanisms interfere with the normal process of erythrocyte production. Most probable inhibitory mechanisms include the cytokines interferon gamma, transforming growth factor-beta, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) (Dicato, 2003). Papadaki, Kritikos, and Valatas (2002) agree with the observation made y Dicato (2003), by claiming that the network of the above-mentioned cytokines play a role in the modulation of iron metabolism, and the erythropoeitin effect is diluted by TNF- among others. Anaemia of cancer impairs almost all body tissues and organs and also leads to several disturbances in normal physiological functions, with the potential to decrease the capacity of mental and physical performance. Fatigue is the primary expression of organ disturbance. Fatigue ranks first among patent complaints(Curt, Breitbart, Cella, 2005), and it parallels haemoglobin level (Littlewood, Bajetta, Nortier, 2009). Averagely, one out of every three patients develops anaemia after three cycles of chemotherapy (Glaspy, Degos, Dicato, 2002). Pathophysiology of Chemotherapy-Induced Anaemia Chemotherapy-induced anaemia results from an interruption in the process of erythropoiesis among cancer patients and this has been linked to various factors which include; patient related factors such as thalassemia and haemoglobinopathies, disease related factors that include bone marrow infiltration, diminished nutritional state and hypersplenism, and lastly, therapy related factors such as hypoplasia of bone marrow-bearing areas following radiotherapy, and renal and bone marrow toxicity as a result of chemotherapy (Dicato, 2003). Cancer treatment-related anaemia is quite common, mainly attributed to the poor capacity of stem cells to repair radiation damage. Chemotherapy is likely to cause both transient and sustained anaemia. Agents used for chemotherapy interfere with erythropoiesis, and as a result, increases the incidence of anaemia among cancer patients. The mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced anaemia in cancer patients include the delaying or blockage of haematopoietic factors, immune-mediated haematopoietic cell destruction, stem cell death, long-term myelodysplasia, microangiopathy, plasma volume expansion with dilutional anaemia, oxidant damage to mature haematopoietic cells, and immune-mediated haematopoietic cell destruction (Mercadante, Gebbia, Marrazzo, Filosto, 2000). Among agents used for chemotherapy, nitrosoureas, alkylating agents, and antitumor antibiotics have been demonstrated to cause damage to both dividing and resting cells, and also causes myelosuppressive effects of much greater intensity compared to cell-cycle-specific agents (Rim, 2012). According to Barrett-Lee, Ludwig, Birgegard, Bokemeyer, and Kosmidis, (2006, those patients on chemotherapy using platinum based chemotherapy have a heightened risk of developing anaemia compared to those on non-platinum based chemotherapy. Apart from the type of chemotherapy drug used, other risk factors that increase the incidence for chemotherapy induced anaemia include tumour type, low baseline haemoglobin, and concurrent treatment with chemotherapy/radiation therapy (Rim, 2012). As attested by Barrett-Lee, Ludwig, Birgegard, Bokemeyer, and Kosmidis, (2006), cancer patients exhibitng low baseline levels of haemoglobin (= 13.4 dL in males and = 12.9 g/dL in females)have a heightened risk of developing anaemia following chemotherapy. With regard to the type of tumour, those with tumour types such as gynecologic cancer or lung cancer have a threefold increased chance of developing anaemia compared to those with colorectal/gastrointestinal cancer (Rim, 2012). On concurrent treatment, cancer patients on concurrent chemotherapy have a higher risk for chemotherapy induced anaemia. This is supported by evidence from a 2004 study by European Cancer Anaemia Survey (ECAS) which demonstrated that fifty percent of those with lun g cancer on concomitant therapy had evidenced more severe anaemia, compared to those who received radiation therapy or chemotherapy separately, at 39% each (Kosmidis Krzakowski, 2005). Conclusion Chemotherapy induced anaemia is a common problem in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. This form of therapy is responsible for increased fatigue, poor prognosis, negative effect on quality of life, and a decline in functional and psychological wellbeing in cancer patients. Compared to cell-cycle agents, a higher incidence of anaemia in patients receiving have been reported among those on treatment using nitroureas, alkylating agents, and antitumor antibiotics. These agents interfere with erythropoiesis, and as a result, increase the incidence of anaemia among cancer patients. Some of the mechanisms that lead to chemotherapy-induced anaemia include the delaying or blockage of haematopoietic factors, immune-mediated haematopoietic cell destruction, stem cell death, and long-term myelodysplasia. References Barrett-Lee, P., Ludwig, J., Birgegard, G., Bokemeyer, C. G., Kosmidis, P. (2006). Independent risk factors for anemia in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: Results from the European cancer anaemia survey. Oncology, 34-48. Curt, G., Breitbart, W., Cella, D. (2005). Impact of cancer-related fatigue on the lives of patients: new findings from the Fatigue Coalition. . The Oncologist, 353-360. Dicato, M. (2003). Anemia in Cancer: Some Pathophysiological Aspects. The Oncologist, 1-5. Digicaylioglu, M., Lipton, S. (2001). Erythropoietin-mediated neuroprotection involves cross-talk between Jak2 and NF-kappaB signalling cascades. Nature, 641-647. Glaspy, J., Degos, L., Dicato, M. (2002). Comparable efficacy of epoetin alfa for anemic cancer patients receiving platinum- and nonplatinum-based chemotherapy: a retrospective subanalysis of two large, community-based trials. The Oncologist, 126-135. Kitano, T., Tada, H., Nishimura, T., Teramukai, S., Kanai, M., Nishimura, T. (2007). Prevalence and incidence of anemia in Japanese cancer patients receiving outpatient chemotherapy. International Journal of Hematology, 37-41. Kosmidis, P., Krzakowski, M. (2005). Anemia profiles in patients with lung cancer: What have we learned from the European cancer anaemia survey (ECAS)? Lung Cancer, 401-412. Littlewood, T., Bajetta, E., Nortier, J. (2009). Effects of epoetin alfa on hematologic parameters and quality of life in cancer patients receiving nonplatinum chemotherapy: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of clinical oncology, 2865-2875. Mercadante, S., Gebbia, V., Marrazzo, A., Filosto, S. (2000). Anaemia in cancer: pathophysiology and treatment. Cancer Treatment Reviews, 303-311. Papadaki, H., Kritikos, H., Valatas, V. (2002). Anemia of chronic disease in rheumatoid arthritis is associated with increased apoptosis of bone marrow erythroid cells: improvement following anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody therapy. Blood, 474-482. Rim, H. (2012, January 17). Chemotherapy-Induced Anemia in Cancer Patients. Retrieved from OncoLink: https://www.oncolink.org/healthcare-professionals/o-pro-portal/articles-about-cancer-treatment-and-medications/chemotherapy-induced-anemia-in-cancer-patient
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