The Merchant of Venice Film vs Script Essay - 851 Words

By tracing back the early roles of Shylock done in the Elizabethan stage, we are able to appreciate the complexity of Shakespear’s character, Shylock, and how he has the greatest impact than any other character. In the early Elizabethan era Shylock was portrayed as an archetypical Jew of that time. He would be played by the performer wearing a red wig and large false nose. This look created the foundations of Shylock’s personality during the Elizabethan era; a comic villain not to be taken seriously or sympathetically, he was the figure of a pantomime. Shylock was later played as a terrifying, cruel and malicious figure. This dominated the view on how Shylock was seen until in 1814, Edmund Kean performed the character of Shylock as†¦show more content†¦This shows how Shylock is shrewd, by playfully suggesting the forfeiture of the bond which is actually a cunning plan to murder Antonio with the law on his side. Michael Radford’s 2004 film adaption is different to how Shakespeare’s script portrayed Shylock, as a bloodthirsty villain. It shows the human qualities of Shylock allowing us to sympathise with him as a victim of prejudice and racism of the shameful times he lived in. Al Pacino recites â€Å"Yes to smell pork†¦news on the Rialto?† with a mellow tone showing little to no emotion. This could be because Shylock is used to the daily prejudice and harsh life of living in a Jew-hating nation; allowing us to evaluate his human qualities, making us sympathise with him as a victim. Also, in the original script, Shylock’s line â€Å"Yes to smell pork† implies that it should be read with sarcasm, mocking Bassanio for asking him to dine with Christians. However, Al Pacino says this with no emotion and his voice is lost under the hubbub of the market place, meaning Bassanio probably can’t even hear him. This could be because Shylock has given up trying to be seen as a human and is now metaphorically invisible in the eyes of society. Throughout the play Shylock is presented in different ways: a victim who lives in a prejudice and intolerant society, a villain who deserves scorn and rejection and a tragic figure who has admiral traits worthy of respect but destroys himself by giving in to his flaws and weaknesses. ThisShow MoreRelatedMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesreligional people and are extremely helpful to the people from their own caste. They are famous for being one of the richest communities in the country and at the same time maintain a Spartan lifestyle. It is not uncommon to find rich diamond merchants travelling in the 2nd class compartment of the train or by bus. There used to be saying, â€Å"If you see a Gujarati driving a car you should know he is a karorepati.† Such simple is their life style. Gujarati businessmen have been extremely successful

School, Work, Friends Stress in Teens - 2026 Words

SCHOOL, WORK, FRIENDS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. WHAT TO DO! Stress is the most common thing in a teen’s life. The most common stressors are School, Work, Family Environment, and even Friendships/relationships. Those are the top categories that teens stress about. Most of the stress is natural and normal, but too much stress can cause serious problems. It is said that female teens have a higher rate than boys to stress out (http://www.nbcnews.com/id/20322801#.UqJn8UPnaUk). Teens should learn how to manage stress in a productive and calming way.Excessive stress can build up making it hard to focus on things that are important. Too much stress can make it harder to fight illnesses like the cold. It also makes it hard time fighting against cancer. How a person†¦show more content†¦Teens have to deal with their drama on top of whatever they are going through. When your friends break up with their boyfriends/girlfriends that somehow will affect other people, and their lives. They would want their friends to take their side (T.H.Hol mes pg. 5-7). Friends can affect you by peer pressure and the fact that they tell them everything. When teens tell their friends everything that happened about a certain thing, teens then are part of drama and stressful situations.People would want them to tell what happened, which is also part of drama. The story is converted or twisted to make it seem interesting. This has to deal with peer Pressure. Peer Pressure is a really big thing when it comes to social events and more importantly friends. Your friends want to take up most of your time.But that is not always convenient. It is a good idea to hang out with your friends just don’t do it all the time (Chisholm, Patricia). Make time to do other important things to. It also doesn’t help that your friends don’t care about the same things. Of course you like some things or teens wouldn’t be friends. You might think that school is important and you spend a lot of time on homework, they might only think ab out drama and partying all the time. That could be stressful because the fact that you want to go out and have fun, you have other things to do. You are probably asking how this stresses teens out; well teens worry or think about either going out with yourShow MoreRelatedThe Destruction of Stress in the Lives of Teenagers801 Words   |  4 PagesLarge amounts of stress in a teenager’s life can lead them down a destructive path. This problem occurs every day, and is a common occurrence in every teen’s life. There are many different causes of stress and even more ways it can affect the person. Mandy causes of stress may include: expectations from loved ones and teachers, family problems, social issues, and balancing school, extracurricular activities, and work. Some teens are very good at managing their time while others cannot handle as muchRead MoreStress in Teens: When is it too much?1059 Words   |  5 Pagesyoung woman. She encompasses a big group of friends and gets pretty sensible grades. She appears to have herself together. No one realizes what she has to undergo to keep herself that way. She is making an attempt to balance school, work, and sports. She feels flooded perpetually because she feels she has no time. Eventually she breaks down. She stops making an attempt in class, equal her job, and gets launched the volleyball team. Giant amounts of stress on a young person will lead them down a destructiveRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy : A Growing Epidemic1733 Words   |  7 Pagesthe incidents that happen with accidental teenage pregnancy are spontaneous acts that involved a lack of education and parental guidance. Two years ago, 19.4 percent of teen girls got pregnant in Maryland, according to The Office of Adolescent Health. According to guttmacher.org, â€Å"Although 70% of girls use contraceptives, most teen pregnancies happen because of misuse or failure of birth control† (http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/fb_contr_use.html) For example, a guy and girl are in a bedroom, andRead MoreThe Death Of A Girl1236 Words   |  5 PagesImagine this. There is a fifteen-year-old girl walking into first block at her high school. She is trying to remember what is due today for her first class and the rest to follow. Today is a different day though; it is the one-year anniversary of her stepbrother committing suicide. Not everyone knows that today is the day, but she doesn’t want to talk about it. She is stressed about the homework she might not have done and her mind is in so many different places. The first bell rings so she takesRead MoreWhat ´s Teen Anxiety?817 Words   |  4 Pageshad an increase in teens recently. In the last 30 years, the statistics for anxiety in fifteen to sixteen year olds have doubled for both girls and boys (â€Å"Increased Levels of Anxiety†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1). It is said, â€Å"in societal moments like the one we are in†¦it often feels as if ours is the Age of Anxiety†(Henig 1). Anxiety affects teenagers profusely because the emotions of a teenager are more vulnerable than those of an adult. The brain of a teenager is not fully developed and the stress put on teenagers toRead MoreEffects Of Stress On Young Adults1667 Words   |  7 Pagespositive stress, stress in young adults has become an overwhelming obstacle in the way many of them function; managing, utilizing, and overcoming stress will help them become more successful in life. Stress is the body s normal emotional and physical response to different stimuli and different situations that it may encounter. Any situation, either positive or negative, may start to become dangerous when it builds up to a point of being overwhelmed. It is a common experience for teens to feelRead MoreStress And Its Effect On Our Lives1494 Words   |  6 PagesSinister Stress Everyone has stress, but not everyone realizes the impact it has on their lives. Most people don’t realize or understand the amount of stress they are under. What used to be considered extreme levels of stress has become normal in today’s society. Most people, adults especially, don’t realize that teens largely experience these high levels of stress. Before talking about the stress that teens experience, though, it is best to understand what stress is and why one has it. Stress is a naturalRead MoreThe Effects Of Homework On Teens Sleep Schedules, Stress Levels, And After School Opportunities1632 Words   |  7 Pagesstarted homework as a way of punishing his students for not doing their work. Nowadays, homework is assigned to help students receive more practice for what they learned in school that day. Despite the good intentions that homework is supposed to provide, it actually proves more harm than good. In the twenty-first century, the increase of homework negatively affects American teens’ sleep schedules, stress levels, and after school opportunities. Parent involvement in homework can turn into parent interferenceRead MoreTeen Stress Essay871 Words   |  4 PagesMany people in high school, mostly teens, experience dozens of pressure in their life. To be specific, Schoolwork. Most teens want to excel in school, but want to have a social life or play some kind of sport. One thing that teens don’t understand is that once you’re out of high school, you have college, and then maybe graduate school. Our education will not be over just in High School. You have to work hard and these four years of your life, will impact everything that you do. If you mess up evenRead MoreMajor Stressors in Teens Lives1236 Words   |  5 PagesMajor Stressors In Teens’ Lives What is stress actually and how do we determine who is stressed? Most of us describe stress as when everything became too much that we are overloaded and wonder if we can cope with the amount of pressure placed upon us. Stress actually is anything that poses challenge or a threat to our well-being is a stress. While most people took stress as something negative, it can also be a good thing as it gets you going in life – when there are problems which need to be solved

Disease in the News Critical Appraisal Free Essays

There has been a rise in the number of cases of HIV/AIDS in men who have sex with men in the US. Trends suggest that between the years 2001 to 2004, the number of HIV/AIDS cases is rising in African American and Hispanic populations compared to the White population. The survival rates after 3 years were the lowest for men belonging to the African American and the Hispanic community compared to the White community. We will write a custom essay sample on Disease in the News Critical Appraisal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since, the year 1999, there has been a rise in the number of cases of HIV/AIDS especially in men who have sex with other men. The article is a thoroughly peer-reviewed journal suggesting that the information is current, evidence-based, validated and researched carefully. The authors of the article include Hall, H. I. , Byers, R. H. , Ling, Q. , and Espinoza, L. They work for the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, which is a unit of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, US. The journal has given the details including the contact address and the email ID of the authors thus permitting clearance of queries and doubts. The authors are well versed and experienced in the field of HIV/AIDS. Hall and Byers have completed their PhD, Ling has done MS, and Espinoza has completed DDS. The authors are from various groups, and hence they would express the problems of these groups in their work. Each of the authors has played a different role in bringing out the journal. The writing, origin of the study, designing of the study, review and the interpretation has been done by Hall. Major contributions of the writings and modeling of the data has been done by Byers. Ling has performed analysis of the data and the data progression details. Espinoza has done the interpretation and discussion of the data. As this study was just about collecting data and not performing a clinical trial, it did not involve following a protocol. The article has been broken into various subtopics including abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusion and references. Credential web sites such as Pub med and the CDC have also cited the article. The article is about the diagnosis of HIV in the male homosexual population, and determining the rate at which the disease progresses. The researchers are interested on working with this topic as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has seemed effective in delaying the symptoms of the disease and the development of fatal outcomes from the disease. In the 1990’s, there was a reduction in the mortality rates arising from AIDS, due to development of HAART. This therapy is able to reduce the viral load. Since the year 1999, there has been a rise in the number of cases of HIV/AIDS due to the increase in homosexual men amongst certain segments of the population. Another indicator of the trend of men having sex with other men was the rise in the number of cases of syphilis in the male homosexual population. The cases of HIV/AIDS were especially high in men below the age of 30 years. In other parts of the world, the results obtained from similar studies were different. For example, in the UK, it was found that the high incidences of HIV/AIDS were observed in men who had sex with men between the ages of 25 to 44. The incidences of HIV/AIDS increased in higher numbers in the African-American and Latin populations compared to the Whites. It was about 10 and 3 times higher. Before this study was conducted, HIV/AIDS was not detected in a high proportion of the study model. The Whites were more aware of their HIV status compared to the Hispanics and the African-American population. This suggests that the Whites are more likely to start HAART faster and develop better outcomes with the disease. The data was collected for this study by the HIV surveillance system in place. Several statistical methods such as Poisson regression was utilized to determine the HIV diagnosis rates. The study demonstrated that higher rates of HIV/AIDS were observed in homosexual men belonging to African-American and Hispanic background compared to other segments of the population. Besides, the survival rates after 3 years was also lower the same populations. HIV progressed faster in Hispanics and African population. The article talks about a specific population, namely the homosexual men. The geographical area of this study was limited to the United States. However, the results of the study were compared to other countries such as the United Kingdom. The various ethnic groups that were studied included Hispanics, African-American and Whites. The CDC performed the study. The article does make claims of the treatment. In this case, it is HAART to treat HIV/AIDS. HAART plays a major role in reducing the mortality and morbidity from HIV. The study picks up some evidence available from 1996-1999 in which HAART was utilized to reduce the transmission of HIV infection. This may be in the fact that HAART helps to reduce the viral load in infected people. The article speaks of the ongoing emphasis given to the Governments Healthy People 2010 policy, and the need to reduce the transmission of HIV infection. The article also aims to reduce the transmission of HIV/AIDS in the homosexual male population especially. There are various strategies suggested for treatment including prevention, early diagnosis, HAART therapy, etc. The article has used about 48 current and relevant journals written by authors whose credentials are also good. The user can access the abstract of the references by clicking on the link provided. References: Espinoza, L., Hall, H. I., Campsmith, M. L. et al (2005), â€Å"Trends in HIV/AIDS Diagnoses — 33 States, 2001—2004,† CDC MMWR, 54(45), 1149-1153. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5445a1.htm Hall, H. I., Byers, R. H., Ling, Q. et al (2007), â€Å"Racial/Ethnic and Age Disparities in HIV Prevalence and Disease Progression Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States.† AJPH, 97(6), 1060-1066. http://www.ajph.org/cgi/content/full/97/6/1060 How to cite Disease in the News Critical Appraisal, Papers

Anaemia in Patients Receiving Chemotherapy-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Anaemia in Patients Receiving Chemotherapy. Answer: Introduction Cancer patients are often at risk of developing anaemia in the course of the disease, treatment and particularly during chemotherapy. A majority of those who undergo chemotherapy develop anaemia in the course of their treatment(Kitano, et al., 2007). The prevalence of the condition has reported variedly, with records of 30% to 83% (Barrett-Lee, Ludwig, Birgegard, Bokemeyer, Kosmidis, 2006).Anaemia is defined as a haemoglobin level of less 12.0 g/dL. Anaemia often exacerbates symptoms such as weakness, dyspnoea, and fatigue and as a result causing a further decline in the quality of life, and as a result, affect the prognosis in the patients. Normal Physiology Bone marrow stem cells have the ability to self-renew and also have the capacity to supply normal haemoglobin levels through an individuals life. Erythropoiesis is a complex process that maintains the number of erythrocytes circulating in an individuals physiological conditions. Erythrocytes are obtained from committed stem cells that undergo differentiation and multiplication through the various erythroblastic stages (Dicato, 2003). Human cells exhibit an inverse relationship between the events of proliferation potential and differentiation. Both differentiation and proliferation are regulated by cytokines, and erythropoietin is of great significance once the erythroid pathway is initiated. Erythropoietin binds to specific receptors n erythrocyte progenitors and produces a signal that initiates proliferation and differentiation and also an antiapoptotic effect. An alternative antiapoptotic pathway is the production of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (N F KB) which occurs as a response to inflammatory events in the body. Digicaylioglu and Lipton (2001), linked NF KB production with a possibility of cross-association with erythropoietin antiapoptosis mechanism in the central nervous system. In summary, erythropoietin as the primary growth factor interacts with specific receptors on erythroid progenitor cells and contributes to mitogenesis in the marrow (Rim, 2012). Agents used for chemotherapy interfere with erythropoiesis, and as a result, increases the incidence of anaemia among cancer patients. Anaemia in Cancer In anaemic cancer just like in anaemia of chronic conditions, several mechanisms interfere with the normal process of erythrocyte production. Most probable inhibitory mechanisms include the cytokines interferon gamma, transforming growth factor-beta, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) (Dicato, 2003). Papadaki, Kritikos, and Valatas (2002) agree with the observation made y Dicato (2003), by claiming that the network of the above-mentioned cytokines play a role in the modulation of iron metabolism, and the erythropoeitin effect is diluted by TNF- among others. Anaemia of cancer impairs almost all body tissues and organs and also leads to several disturbances in normal physiological functions, with the potential to decrease the capacity of mental and physical performance. Fatigue is the primary expression of organ disturbance. Fatigue ranks first among patent complaints(Curt, Breitbart, Cella, 2005), and it parallels haemoglobin level (Littlewood, Bajetta, Nortier, 2009). Averagely, one out of every three patients develops anaemia after three cycles of chemotherapy (Glaspy, Degos, Dicato, 2002). Pathophysiology of Chemotherapy-Induced Anaemia Chemotherapy-induced anaemia results from an interruption in the process of erythropoiesis among cancer patients and this has been linked to various factors which include; patient related factors such as thalassemia and haemoglobinopathies, disease related factors that include bone marrow infiltration, diminished nutritional state and hypersplenism, and lastly, therapy related factors such as hypoplasia of bone marrow-bearing areas following radiotherapy, and renal and bone marrow toxicity as a result of chemotherapy (Dicato, 2003). Cancer treatment-related anaemia is quite common, mainly attributed to the poor capacity of stem cells to repair radiation damage. Chemotherapy is likely to cause both transient and sustained anaemia. Agents used for chemotherapy interfere with erythropoiesis, and as a result, increases the incidence of anaemia among cancer patients. The mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced anaemia in cancer patients include the delaying or blockage of haematopoietic factors, immune-mediated haematopoietic cell destruction, stem cell death, long-term myelodysplasia, microangiopathy, plasma volume expansion with dilutional anaemia, oxidant damage to mature haematopoietic cells, and immune-mediated haematopoietic cell destruction (Mercadante, Gebbia, Marrazzo, Filosto, 2000). Among agents used for chemotherapy, nitrosoureas, alkylating agents, and antitumor antibiotics have been demonstrated to cause damage to both dividing and resting cells, and also causes myelosuppressive effects of much greater intensity compared to cell-cycle-specific agents (Rim, 2012). According to Barrett-Lee, Ludwig, Birgegard, Bokemeyer, and Kosmidis, (2006, those patients on chemotherapy using platinum based chemotherapy have a heightened risk of developing anaemia compared to those on non-platinum based chemotherapy. Apart from the type of chemotherapy drug used, other risk factors that increase the incidence for chemotherapy induced anaemia include tumour type, low baseline haemoglobin, and concurrent treatment with chemotherapy/radiation therapy (Rim, 2012). As attested by Barrett-Lee, Ludwig, Birgegard, Bokemeyer, and Kosmidis, (2006), cancer patients exhibitng low baseline levels of haemoglobin (= 13.4 dL in males and = 12.9 g/dL in females)have a heightened risk of developing anaemia following chemotherapy. With regard to the type of tumour, those with tumour types such as gynecologic cancer or lung cancer have a threefold increased chance of developing anaemia compared to those with colorectal/gastrointestinal cancer (Rim, 2012). On concurrent treatment, cancer patients on concurrent chemotherapy have a higher risk for chemotherapy induced anaemia. This is supported by evidence from a 2004 study by European Cancer Anaemia Survey (ECAS) which demonstrated that fifty percent of those with lun g cancer on concomitant therapy had evidenced more severe anaemia, compared to those who received radiation therapy or chemotherapy separately, at 39% each (Kosmidis Krzakowski, 2005). Conclusion Chemotherapy induced anaemia is a common problem in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. This form of therapy is responsible for increased fatigue, poor prognosis, negative effect on quality of life, and a decline in functional and psychological wellbeing in cancer patients. Compared to cell-cycle agents, a higher incidence of anaemia in patients receiving have been reported among those on treatment using nitroureas, alkylating agents, and antitumor antibiotics. These agents interfere with erythropoiesis, and as a result, increase the incidence of anaemia among cancer patients. Some of the mechanisms that lead to chemotherapy-induced anaemia include the delaying or blockage of haematopoietic factors, immune-mediated haematopoietic cell destruction, stem cell death, and long-term myelodysplasia. References Barrett-Lee, P., Ludwig, J., Birgegard, G., Bokemeyer, C. G., Kosmidis, P. (2006). Independent risk factors for anemia in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: Results from the European cancer anaemia survey. Oncology, 34-48. Curt, G., Breitbart, W., Cella, D. (2005). Impact of cancer-related fatigue on the lives of patients: new findings from the Fatigue Coalition. . The Oncologist, 353-360. Dicato, M. (2003). Anemia in Cancer: Some Pathophysiological Aspects. The Oncologist, 1-5. Digicaylioglu, M., Lipton, S. (2001). Erythropoietin-mediated neuroprotection involves cross-talk between Jak2 and NF-kappaB signalling cascades. Nature, 641-647. Glaspy, J., Degos, L., Dicato, M. (2002). Comparable efficacy of epoetin alfa for anemic cancer patients receiving platinum- and nonplatinum-based chemotherapy: a retrospective subanalysis of two large, community-based trials. The Oncologist, 126-135. Kitano, T., Tada, H., Nishimura, T., Teramukai, S., Kanai, M., Nishimura, T. (2007). Prevalence and incidence of anemia in Japanese cancer patients receiving outpatient chemotherapy. International Journal of Hematology, 37-41. Kosmidis, P., Krzakowski, M. (2005). Anemia profiles in patients with lung cancer: What have we learned from the European cancer anaemia survey (ECAS)? Lung Cancer, 401-412. Littlewood, T., Bajetta, E., Nortier, J. (2009). Effects of epoetin alfa on hematologic parameters and quality of life in cancer patients receiving nonplatinum chemotherapy: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of clinical oncology, 2865-2875. Mercadante, S., Gebbia, V., Marrazzo, A., Filosto, S. (2000). Anaemia in cancer: pathophysiology and treatment. Cancer Treatment Reviews, 303-311. Papadaki, H., Kritikos, H., Valatas, V. (2002). Anemia of chronic disease in rheumatoid arthritis is associated with increased apoptosis of bone marrow erythroid cells: improvement following anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody therapy. Blood, 474-482. Rim, H. (2012, January 17). Chemotherapy-Induced Anemia in Cancer Patients. Retrieved from OncoLink: https://www.oncolink.org/healthcare-professionals/o-pro-portal/articles-about-cancer-treatment-and-medications/chemotherapy-induced-anemia-in-cancer-patient